MySQL
Introduction
MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for managing and manipulating data. It is widely used for web applications, enterprise applications, and data-driven services.
Key Features of MySQL
Relational Database – Stores data in tables with structured relationships.
ACID Compliance – Ensures reliability through transactions.
High Performance – Supports indexing, caching, and optimized queries.
Scalability – Works well with small and large-scale applications.
Security – Provides user authentication, role-based access control (RBAC), and encryption.
Replication & High Availability – Master-slave and master-master replication for failover support.
Stored Procedures & Triggers – Supports procedural programming within the database.
MySQL Architecture
The MySQL architecture consists of multiple components:
Client Layer – Applications communicate using MySQL drivers.
SQL Parser & Optimizer – Parses and optimizes queries for efficiency.
Storage Engine Layer – Manages how data is stored and retrieved.
InnoDB (default) – ACID-compliant, supports transactions.
MyISAM – Fast for read-heavy operations but lacks transactions.
Buffer Pool & Query Cache – Speeds up query execution.
Replication & Clustering – Provides failover and load balancing.

Basic MySQL Operations
1. Creating a Database
CREATE DATABASE my_database;
USE my_database;
Creating a Table
CREATE TABLE users (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
username VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
Inserting Data
INSERT INTO users (username, email, password)
VALUES ('john_doe', '[email protected]', 'hashed_password');
Retrieving Data
SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '[email protected]';
Updating Data
UPDATE users SET password = 'new_hashed_password' WHERE username = 'john_doe';
Deleting Data
DELETE FROM users WHERE username = 'john_doe';
MySQL Use Cases
Web Applications – Used by Facebook, Twitter, and WordPress.
E-Commerce Platforms – Manages transactions, orders, and users.
Enterprise Applications – Suitable for CRM, ERP, and HR systems.
Data Warehousing – Stores structured data for reporting and analytics.
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