MySQL

Introduction

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for managing and manipulating data. It is widely used for web applications, enterprise applications, and data-driven services.

Key Features of MySQL

Relational Database – Stores data in tables with structured relationships.
ACID Compliance – Ensures reliability through transactions.
High Performance – Supports indexing, caching, and optimized queries.
Scalability – Works well with small and large-scale applications.
Security – Provides user authentication, role-based access control (RBAC), and encryption.
Replication & High Availability – Master-slave and master-master replication for failover support.
Stored Procedures & Triggers – Supports procedural programming within the database.

MySQL Architecture

The MySQL architecture consists of multiple components:

Client Layer – Applications communicate using MySQL drivers.
SQL Parser & Optimizer – Parses and optimizes queries for efficiency.
Storage Engine Layer – Manages how data is stored and retrieved.
- InnoDB (default) – ACID-compliant, supports transactions.
- MyISAM – Fast for read-heavy operations but lacks transactions.
Buffer Pool & Query Cache – Speeds up query execution.
Replication & Clustering – Provides failover and load balancing.

Basic MySQL Operations

1. Creating a Database

CREATE DATABASE my_database;
USE my_database;

Creating a Table

CREATE TABLE users (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    username VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);

Inserting Data

INSERT INTO users (username, email, password)
VALUES ('john_doe', 'john@example.com', 'hashed_password');

Retrieving Data

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = 'john@example.com';

Updating Data

UPDATE users SET password = 'new_hashed_password' WHERE username = 'john_doe';

Deleting Data

DELETE FROM users WHERE username = 'john_doe';

MySQL Use Cases

Web Applications – Used by Facebook, Twitter, and WordPress.
E-Commerce Platforms – Manages transactions, orders, and users.
Enterprise Applications – Suitable for CRM, ERP, and HR systems.
Data Warehousing – Stores structured data for reporting and analytics.

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CREATE TABLE users ( id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, username VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL, email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL, password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP );