MySQL

Introduction

MySQL is an open-source relational database management system (RDBMS) that uses Structured Query Language (SQL) for managing and manipulating data. It is widely used for web applications, enterprise applications, and data-driven services.

Key Features of MySQL

  1. Relational Database – Stores data in tables with structured relationships.

  2. ACID Compliance – Ensures reliability through transactions.

  3. High Performance – Supports indexing, caching, and optimized queries.

  4. Scalability – Works well with small and large-scale applications.

  5. Security – Provides user authentication, role-based access control (RBAC), and encryption.

  6. Replication & High Availability – Master-slave and master-master replication for failover support.

  7. Stored Procedures & Triggers – Supports procedural programming within the database.

MySQL Architecture

The MySQL architecture consists of multiple components:

  1. Client Layer – Applications communicate using MySQL drivers.

  2. SQL Parser & Optimizer – Parses and optimizes queries for efficiency.

  3. Storage Engine Layer – Manages how data is stored and retrieved.

    • InnoDB (default) – ACID-compliant, supports transactions.

    • MyISAM – Fast for read-heavy operations but lacks transactions.

  4. Buffer Pool & Query Cache – Speeds up query execution.

  5. Replication & Clustering – Provides failover and load balancing.

Basic MySQL Operations

1. Creating a Database

CREATE DATABASE my_database;
USE my_database;
  1. Creating a Table

CREATE TABLE users (
    id INT AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
    username VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    email VARCHAR(100) UNIQUE NOT NULL,
    password VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
    created_at TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
);
  1. Inserting Data

INSERT INTO users (username, email, password)
VALUES ('john_doe', '[email protected]', 'hashed_password');
  1. Retrieving Data

SELECT * FROM users WHERE email = '[email protected]';
  1. Updating Data

UPDATE users SET password = 'new_hashed_password' WHERE username = 'john_doe';
  1. Deleting Data

DELETE FROM users WHERE username = 'john_doe';

MySQL Use Cases

  • Web Applications – Used by Facebook, Twitter, and WordPress.

  • E-Commerce Platforms – Manages transactions, orders, and users.

  • Enterprise Applications – Suitable for CRM, ERP, and HR systems.

  • Data Warehousing – Stores structured data for reporting and analytics.

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